The pronunciations given are those in use among educated urban speakers of standard English in Britain and the United States. While avoiding strongly regionally or socially marked forms, they are intended to include the most common variants for each word. The keywords given in this key are to be understood as pronounced in such speech.

Words particularly associated with other parts of the English-speaking world are also given pronunciations in the appropriate global variety of English. Keys and details of each model can be found here.

Vowels

British U.S. As in…

iː i fleece

i i happy

ɪ ɪ kit

ɛ ɛ dress

a ɛ carry

a æ trap

ɑː ɑ father

ɒ ɑ lot

ɔː ɔ, ɑ hawk

ʌ ə cup

ʊ ʊ foot

uː u goose

ə ə alpha

ɔː ɔr force 

əː ər nurse 

ɪə ɪ(ə)r here

ɛː ɛ(ə)r square

ʊə ʊ(ə)r cure

eɪ eɪ face 

ʌɪ aɪ price

aʊ aʊ mouth

əʊ oʊ goat 

ɔɪ ɔɪ choice

ã æ̃ fin de siècle 

ɒ̃ ɑ̃ bon mot 

ᵻ represents free variation between /ɪ/ and /ə/

ᵿ represents free variation between /ʊ/ and /ə/

Consonants

As in…

b big /bɪɡ/

d dig /dɪɡ/ 

dʒ jet /dʒɛt/

ð then /ðɛn/

f fig /fɪɡ/

ɡ get /ɡɛt/

h how /haʊ/

j yes /jɛs/

k kit /kɪt/

l leg /lɛɡ/

m main /meɪn/

n net /nɛt/

ŋ thing /θɪŋ/

p pit /pɪt/

r rain /reɪn/

s sit /sɪt/

ʃ ship /ʃɪp/

t tame /teɪm/

tʃ chip /tʃɪp/

θ thin /θɪn/

v vet /vɛt/

w win /wɪn/

z zip /zɪp/

ʒ vision /ˈvɪʒ(ə)n/

x (Scottish) loch /lɒx/

ɬ (Welsh) penillion /pɛˈnɪɬɪən/

The consonants l, m, and n can take on the function of a vowel in some unstressed syllables. It should generally be clear when this interpretation is intended, but in cases of potential ambiguity, the consonant symbol appears with a diacritic, as l̩, m̩ and n̩, as e.g. meddle /ˈmɛdl/, meddling /ˈmɛdl̩ɪŋ/.

After a vowel, U.S. English can have /r/ regardless of the sound which follows, whereas British English retains the /r/ only when it is followed by a vowel. Compare U.S. mar /mɑr/, marring /ˈmɑrɪŋ/ with British mar /mɑː/, marring /ˈmɑːrɪŋ/

Between vowels, except at the start of a stressed syllable, U.S. English has /d/ where British English has /t/. Compare U.S. butter /ˈbədər/, and waiting /ˈweɪdɪŋ/ (as against wait /weɪt/) with British butter /ˈbʌtə/, waiting /ˈweɪtɪŋ/, wait /weɪt/.

U.S. speakers are more likely than British speakers to distinguish between wear (with /w/) and where (with either /w/ or /hw/).

Stress

The symbol ˈ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable is pronounced with primary stress. The symbol ˈˌ at the beginning of a syllable indicates that that syllable may be pronounced with either primary or secondary stress. The symbol ˈ sometimes also appears in headwords and derivatives which lack full pronunciations, where it indicates primary stress in the same manner.

key: stress, vowel, pronunciation, learning English